Циклодол входит в перечень жизненно необходимых и важнейших лекарственных препаратов.
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[править] Общая информация
Циклодол является одним из основных синтетических холинолитических препаратов, применяемых для лечения паркинсонизма. Он оказывает сильное центральное н-холинолитическое, а также периферическое м-холинолитическое действие.У больных паркинсонизмом циклодол, подобно другим холинолитическим препаратам, уменьшает тремор; в меньшей мере влияет на ригидность и брадикинезию. В связи с холинолитическим действием циклодола уменьшается слюнотечение, в меньшей степени потоотделение и сальность кожи.
Применяют циклодол при экстрапирамидных нарушениях, вызванных нейролептическими препаратами, болезни Паркинсона, болезни Литтля, спастических параличах, связанных с поражениями экстрапирамидной системы; в ряде случаев понижает тонус и улучшает движения при парезах пирамидного характера.
Максимальные дозы для взрослых при приеме внутрь: разовая 0,01 г, суточная 0,02 г.
При применении препарата могут возникнуть побочные явления, связанные с его холинолитическими свойствами: сухость во рту, нарушение аккомодации, учащение пульса, головокружение. При уменьшении дозы или при отмене препарата побочные явления проходят.
При передозировке возможны нарушения функции ЦНС (психическое и двигательное возбуждение, галлюцинаторные явления и др.), свойственные действию больших доз холинолитических препаратов.
Осторожность следует соблюдать при гипертонической болезни, выраженном атеросклерозе, заболеваниях сердца, печени и почек. Является антидотом галоперидола.
[править] Противопоказания
Препарат противопоказан при глаукоме (особенно при закрытоугольной форме), задержке мочеиспускания, фибрилляции предсердий.[править] Галлюциногенное действие
При передозировке циклодол, как и некоторые другие сильные центральные холинолитики, вызывает своеобразное «холинолитическое опьянение», которое сопровождается эйфорией (позже может смениться дисфорией), поэтому возможно привыкание; нарушением координации движений (атаксией), парезом аккомодации глаз.При ещё более грубой передозировке циклодол способен вызывать галлюцинации и бред, нарушение памяти и ориентировки во времени и пространстве — так называемый «холинолитический делирий». Возможны опасные для жизни судороги, нарушения ритма сердца. Летальные исходы также возможны в результате собственно психоза (так, больной может шагнуть в окно, приняв его за дверь или отверстие в стене).
Циклодоловый делирий купируется вводом нейролептиков (аминазин) или транквилизаторов (сибазон)[1].
Обычно наркоманы используют циклодол эпизодически в «рекреационных» целях, как и другие галлюциногены. Истинная наркотическая зависимость с синдромом абстиненции и непреодолимой тягой к циклодолу встречается реже, но также возможна. При систематическом употреблении циклодола, как и других центральных холинолитиков, с немедицинскими целями возможны нарушения памяти, ориентировки во времени и пространстве, снижение интеллектуальных способностей и скорости реакции, тремор, хронические запоры. Однако эти изменения, в большинстве случаев, обратимы и исчезают через некоторое время после прекращения злоупотребления циклодолом.
[править] Литература
- Машковский М. Д. Лекарственные средства. — 15-е изд. — М.: Новая Волна, 2005. — С. 135—136. — 1200 с. — ISBN 5-7864-0203-7
[править] Ссылки
- Машковский М. Д. Циклодол // Лекарственные средства. — Справочник Машковского on-line.
Trihexyphenidyl (Artane, Apo-Trihex, Parkin, Pacitane), also known as benzhexol, is an antiparkinsonian agent of the antimuscarinic class. It has been in clinical usage for decades. The drug is available as the hydrochloride salt.
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[edit] Pharmacology
The exact mechanism of action in parkinsonian syndromes is not precisely understood, but it is known that trihexyphenidyl blocks efferent impulses in parasympathetically innervated structures like smooth muscles (spasmolytic activity), salivary glands, and eyes (mydriasis). In higher doses direct central inhibition of cerebral motor centers may contribute. In very high doses central toxicity as seen in atropine overdose is noted.It binds to the M1 muscarinic receptor[1] and possibly the dopamine receptor.[2]
[edit] Pharmacokinetics
Trihexyphenidyl is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The onset of action is within 1 hour after oral dosing. The peak activity is noted after 2 to 3 hours. The duration of action of one single dose is 6 to 12 hours in a dose dependent manner. It is excreted in the urine, probably as unchanged drug. More precise data in animals and humans have so far not been determined.[edit] Uses
Trihexyphenidyl is used for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease in mono- and combination therapy. It is active in postencephalitic, arteriosclerotic, and idiopathic forms. The drug is also commonly used to treat extrapyramidal side effects occurring during antipsychotic treatment. It reduces the frequency and duration of oculogyric crises as well as of dyskinetic movements and spastic contractions. Excessive salivation may also respond. Trihexyphenidyl may improve psychotic depression and mental inertia frequently associated with Parkinson's disease and symptomatic problems caused by antipsychotic treatment.The drug cannot cure Parkinson's disease, but may provide substantial alleviation of symptoms. An estimated 50 to 75% of patients with Parkinson's disease will react positively and experience a 20 to 30% symptomatic improvement. To increase therapeutic activity trihexyphenidyl is often given concomitantly with levodopa, other antimuscarinic or antihistaminic (e.g. diphenhydramine) agents. Combination treatment with dopaminergic agonists such as cabergoline is also possible. This is often termed a 'multidimensional approach'.
It has also been prescribed for Essential Tremors.
[edit] Investigational
Equivocal preliminary results from small studies exist for:- Other dyskinesias
- Huntington's chorea
- Spasmodic torticollis
- Dystonia[3]
[edit] Contraindications and cautions
- Hypersensitivity to trihexyphenidyl
- Narrow angle glaucoma
- Ileus
- Caution : Patients with obstructive diseases of the urogenital tract, patients with a known history of seizures and those with potentially dangerous tachycardia
- Patients under 18 yrs. of age should not be treated due to a lack of clinical experience.
- Patients should allow a period to adjust to the dose when first starting trihexyphenidyl and when the dose has been increased or added to a regimen with other drugs because acute somnolence and accumulated fatigue can make it particularly dangerous to operate an automobile, heavy machinery etc.
[edit] Pregnancy and lactation
The safe use of Trihexyphenidyl during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.[edit] Side effects
Dose-dependent side effects are frequent. Particularly geriatric patients may react with confusional states or develop delirium.- CNS : Drowsiness, vertigo, headache, and dizziness are frequent. With high doses nervousness, agitation, anxiety, delirium, and confusion are noted. Trihexyphenidyl may be abused due to a short acting mood-elevating and euphoriant effect. The normal sleep architecture may be altered (REM sleep depression). Trihexyphenidyl may lower the seizure-threshold.
- Peripheral side effects : Blurred vision, dry mouth, impaired sweating, abdominal discomfort, and constipation are frequent. Tachycardia may be noted. Allergic skin reactions may occur. Parenteral use may cause orthostatic hypotension.
- Eyes : Trihexyphenidyl causes mydriasis with or without photophobia. It may precipitate narrow angle glaucoma.
- Tolerance may develop during therapy which requires dose adjustments.
[edit] Interactions
- Other anticholinergic drugs (e.g. spasmolytics, antihistamines, TCAs) : Side effects of trihexyphenidyl may be increased.
- Quinidine : Increased anticholinergic action (particular on AV conduction).
- Antipsychotics : Long term use of trihexyphenidyl may mask or increase the risk of tardive dyskinesia.
- Pethidine (meperidine) : Central effects and side effects of pethidine may be increased.
- Metoclopramide : Action of metoclopramide is decreased.
- Alcohol : Risk of serious intoxication.
[edit] Dosage
- Parkinson's disease : One mg is given on the first day. Increments are usually 2 mg every 3 days until 6 to 10 mg are reached. In postencephalitic cases up to 15 mg might be necessary, but then excessive dryness of mouth or nausea could be a problem. To increase tolerability Trihexyphenidyl may be given in 3 divided doses.
- Extrapyramidal side effects : Usually, 5 to 15 mg daily are needed in 2 or 3 divided doses. Some patients, however, are successfully treated with as little as 1 mg daily.
[edit] Overdose
Trihexyphenidyl mimics an atropine intoxication with mydriasis, dryness of mucous membranes, red face, atonic states of bowels and bladder, and hyperthermia in high doses. Central consequences are agitation, confusion, and hallucinations. An untreated overdose may be fatal, particularly in children. Premortal signs are respiratory depression and cardiac arrest. A specific antagonist is physostigmine which combines a peripheral and a central action. Carbachol can be used to treat atonic bowel and bladder. The vital functions should be monitored and stabilized. It may be necessary to treat hyperthermia with cooling blankets.[edit] Recreational use
In a 2008 news report, trihexyphenidyl has been used recreationally among Iraqi soldiers and police, among other prescription drugs. The report states that the drugs were taken to relieve combat stress.[4]The neurologist Oliver Sacks reports using the drug recreationally in the 1960s.[5]
[edit] Dosage forms
- Elixir, as hydrochloride: 2 mg/5 mL (480 mL)
- Tablet, as hydrochloride: 2 mg, 5 mg
[edit] Chemistry
Trihexyphenidyl, 1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-piperidineopropan-1-ol, is synthesized in two ways (linear and convergent synthesis):In the first way, the initial 2-(1-piperidino)propiophenone is synthesized in turn by the aminomethylation of acetophenone using paraformaldehyde and piperidine in a so-called Mannich reaction. In the second step the 2-(1-piperidino)propiophenone is reacted with cyclohexylmagnesiumbromide in a Grignard reaction. [6][7][8][9]
Linear vs Convergent syntheses. Although the convergent synthesis is used on an industrial scale, it is uses hazardous reagents and is not as desirable as the linear procedure for small-scale preparations.
[edit] References
- ^ Giachetti, A.; Giraldo, E.; Ladinsky, H.; Montagna, E. (1986). "Binding and functional profiles of the selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonists trihexyphenidyl and dicyclomine". British Journal of Pharmacology 89 (1): 83–90. PMC 1917044. PMID 2432979. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1917044/.
- ^ Berke, J. D.; Hyman, S. E. (2000). "Addiction, dopamine, and the molecular mechanisms of memory". Neuron 25 (3): 515–532. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81056-9. PMID 10774721. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627300810569.
- ^ Sanger, T. D.; Bastian, A.; Brunstrom, J.; Damiano, D.; Delgado, M.; Dure, L.; Gaebler-Spira, D.; Hoon, A. et al. (2007). "Prospective Open-Label Clinical Trial of Trihexyphenidyl in Children with Secondary Dystonia due to Cerebral Palsy". Journal of Child Neurology 22 (5): 530–537. doi:10.1177/0883073807302601. PMID 17690057.
- ^ Mudhafer Al-Husaini; Erica Goode (2008-12-20), Abuse of Prescription Drugs Rises Among Stressed Iraqi Soldiers, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/world/middleeast/21drugs.html?pagewanted=all
- ^ Oliver Sacks shares his hallucinations, Guardian, 2012-10-30, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2012/oct/30/oliver-sacks-shares-hallucinations
- ^ US patent 2680115, Wayne, R. A., "Substituted tertiary-aminoalkyl carbinols", issued 1954-06-01
- ^ US patent 2716121, Denton, J. J., "Basic tertiary piperidino alcohols", issued 1955-08-23
- ^ US patent 2682543, Wilkinson, S. & Adamson, D. W., "Catalytic reduction of diphenyl-alkanolamines", issued 1954-06-29
- ^ GB patent 750156, Adamson, D. W. & Duffin, W., "Improvements in cyclohexyl-phenyl-amino-propanols", issued 1956-06-13
[edit] External links
- Trihexyphenidyl, mentalhealth.com
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